Buddhist Heritage Archives -

Takht-i-Bahi and Sahr-i-Bahlol

Takht-i-Bahi Monastery and Sahr-i-Bahlol Ruins in Gandhara, Pakistan In the heart of Mardan city, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, lie two historical treasures: the Takht-i-Bahi Monastery and the Sahr-i-Bahlol ruins. Both structures, dating back to the early 1st century, are situated merely 5 kilometers apart and have earned the prestigious title of UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Pakistan, a recognition bestowed upon them in 1980. Takht-i-Bahi: An Overview The name Takht-i-Bahi is a fusion of two Persian words, “Takht,” signifying “top” or “throne,” and “Bahi,” translating to “spring” or “water.” This nomenclature paints a vivid picture of a monastic complex perched atop a hill, overlooking a meandering stream. Another interpretation suggests that it could mean the “Throne of Origin.” Majestic Architecture The grandeur of the Takht-i-Bahi monastery sprawls across three interconnected spurs on a hill, rising from 36.6 meters to 152.4 meters in height. The primary structures grace the central spur, commanding a panoramic view of Mardan’s plains, accessible via a staircase boasting around 300 steps. Within this complex, you’ll find the main lower stupa court, the upper south stupa court, a Grid Monastery, an assembly hall, covered stepped passageways leading to dimly lit meditation cells, and various secular buildings. Additionally, scattered around the main complex, spread over 4 kilometers, are several units, potentially serving as residential areas or assembly halls, all visible from the hill’s summit. A Scenic Retreat The journey to the top of the Takht-i-Bahi archaeological relics hill rewards visitors with a breathtaking view. One can gaze across the plains, with Peshawar visible on one side and the Malakand Pass and Swat’s picturesque hills on the other. During winter, a thick blanket of fog sometimes envelops the region, shrouding even the nearby Takht-i-Bahi bazaar and Mardan City in an ethereal veil. Discovery and Historical Significance In 1836, the site’s existence was first noted by General Court, a French officer in the service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Dr. Henry Walter Bellew, a British medical officer born in India, explored it in 1864, leading to a series of excavations. Harold Hargreaves conducted further research from 1910 to 1911. The travel records of Chinese monk-pilgrim Xuanzang (602-64) also allude to this archaeological marvel. The site’s relics were mentioned for the first time in 1836 by the General Court. Dr. H.W. Bellew’s visit in 1864 resulted in a report detailing the remains and a stupa on the central spur. He also described sculptural fragments, possibly parts of large-scale sculptures. Subsequent excavations in 1871, reported by F.H. Wilcher, unearthed a total of 165 sculptural fragments, primarily depicting seated Buddhas and standing bodhisattvas. Unfortunately, the outcome of the 1911-1913 excavation was less fruitful due to inadequate record-keeping. In 1920, the site underwent significant restoration. Historically, the monastery thrived for 800 years, from the 1st century B.C. to the 7th century A.D. Archaeologists divide its history into four distinct periods: Foundation in the 1st century B.C., evidenced by inscriptions bearing the name of Gondophares (20-46 A.D.). Influence of Kushan kings, such as Kujula Kadphises and Kanishka, in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Development of the Stupa Court and Assembly Hall in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Construction of the Trantic complex with dark cells in the 6th and 7th centuries, overseen by invading Hun rulers. Architecture of Takht-i-Bahi The remains of the complex encompass four main areas: The central “Stupa Court,” features a cluster of Stupas surrounding a central courtyard. Monastic chambers, comprising individual cells arranged around a courtyard. A temple complex, housing several Stupas. Dark cells in the basement, designed exclusively for meditation. The entire structure is constructed using indigenous dressed and semi-dressed stone blocks, set in grey-colored limestone, adhering to Gandhara patterns. The site’s enduring reputation is founded on its remarkable preservation and strategic location, rendering it impervious to hostile incursions. Notably, stone sculptures from the site were relocated to the Peshawar Museum, while the stone inscription of Gondophares now resides in the Lahore Museum. Sahr-i-Bahlol: An Adjacent Enigma The second component of this historical tapestry is the Sahr-i-Bahlol ruins. Also referred to as Seri Bahlol or Sehr-i-Behlol, these ruins belong to a small fortified town from the Kushan period. A mound, approximately 9 meters high, is enclosed by a stone fortification wall. This wall, erected about 3,000 years ago, spans 9.7 hectares but has suffered damage at several points. The site holds remnants of Buddha that have not been adequately excavated. Regrettably, illegal excavations by local residents have led to the discovery of antiques such as statues, coins, jewelry, and utensils. Surrounded by fertile fields, this site now faces the threat of extinction due to ongoing construction. Access to These Treasures Takht-e-Bahi Monastery is located about 2 kilometers east of Takht-e-Bahi bazaar on the Mardan-Swat road, and approximately 15 kilometers north of Mardan city. Mardan itself is situated roughly 70 kilometers from Peshawar and can be reached within an hour and a half. The journey from Islamabad, spanning approximately 150 kilometers, takes around 2.5 hours. Both sites are suitable for a day excursion. Entry Timings: Summer: (1st April – 30th September) 08:00 am to 06:30 pm Winters: (1st October – 31st March) 09:00 am to 04:30 pm Holidays: The monastery remains open on holidays unless high-profile delegations are visiting or special instructions from higher authorities dictate otherwise. Entry tickets: For locals: Rs. 20 Foreign tourists: Rs. 500 Parking charges: All vehicle types: Rs. 50 Photography charges Applicable only to DSLR cameras: Rs. 500 Explore the rich history and architectural splendor of Takht-i-Bahi and Sahr-i-Bahlol, where the past comes to life amidst the enchanting landscapes of Gandhara, Pakistan.

Buddhist Heritage, Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan, Gilgit-Baltistan

Kargah Buddha

admin / April 5, 2016

Kargah Buddha: A 7th-Century Marvel Carved in Rock At the center of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, resides an extraordinary testament to ancient artistry and spirituality – the Kargah Buddha. Carved with precision into solid rock, this majestic Buddha figure from the 7th century stands an impressive 15 feet tall and 5 feet wide, perched about 150 feet above the ground. It is situated in the scenic Kargah Nullah ravine, to the west of Gilgit city. The Kargah Buddha explicitly serves as a symbol of the region’s intricate historical, cultural, and religious heritage. Gilgit: A Hub of History and Trade Gilgit is the headquarters of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The magnificent city is perched at the confluence of the Gilgit River and Hunza River, near the Junction point of three great mountain ranges. Gilgit’s historical position on the Silk Route has undoubtedly bestowed upon it a legacy of cultural diversity, religious pluralism, and historical significance. The town’s role as a trade hub and cultural crossroads has undoubtedly left a lasting impact on its history. At the same time, the city stands as a testament to the dynamic interactions that shaped the course of history at this strategic crossroads of civilizations. Various phases in the history Gilgit underwent are: Silk Route Connection: As a key point on the Silk Route, Gilgit played a crucial role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between East and West. The town served as a melting pot where diverse civilizations converged, fostering a vibrant atmosphere of cultural exchange. Buddhism in Gilgit: The period from the 3rd to the 11th century marked Gilgit as a prominent center of early Buddhism. The presence of a Buddhist monastery and stupas with Sanskrit manuscripts attests to the town’s role in the spread of Buddhism. At the same time, the constant movement of religious caravans along the Silk Route contributed to the establishment and growth of Buddhism in the region. Power Struggles: The historical narrative of Gilgit is marked by power struggles among various empires and dynasties, including the Tibetan Empire, the Kashmiri Karkota Dynasty, and the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. These political dynamics shaped the region’s destiny and influenced its cultural landscape. Dardistan and Islamization: By the 11th century, Gilgit had evolved into the autonomous kingdom of Dardistan. The adoption of Islam during this period significantly transformed the religious and cultural fabric of the region. The process of Islamization added another layer to the diverse cultural history of Gilgit. Cultural and Religious Interactions: The Silk Route not only facilitated the trade of goods but also enabled the intermingling of cultures and religions. Gilgit served as a meeting point for people from China, Central Asia, Kashmir, Tibet, Afghanistan, Iran, and India. This interaction contributed to the cultural diversity and pluralism that characterize the region. Archaeological Discoveries: The excavation of a Buddhist monastery and stupas with Sanskrit manuscripts in 1931 showcases the rich archaeological heritage of Gilgit. These discoveries provide valuable insights into the town’s historical importance and its connections to early Buddhist communities. Tracing the Buddhist Legacy in Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit-Baltistan has served as a meeting point for various cultures, religions, and civilizations over centuries. Before the advent of Islam in the area, the inhabitants followed Buddhism or various indigenous pagan religions. The infusion of a diverse cultural legacy and the dissemination of Buddhism in Gilgit and its neighboring areas are intricately connected to the activities along the Silk Route. Historical records indicate that traveling Buddhist caravans would often take respite in a monastery in Gilgit. The Kargah Buddha, known as Yashani in the local language, stands as a testament to this rich historical and cultural intersection. The Karakoram Highway (KKH), which predominantly follows the ancient Silk Route, offers an intriguing glimpse into the past. The KKH attests to the enduring influence of Buddhism in the region. It is adorned with over 10,000 images of Buddha, Stupas, animals, and inscriptions in more than ten languages. This cultural dominance persisted from the 1st to the 7th century A.D. The Kargah Buddha, situated in Gilgit, is an integral part of this rock art ensemble, serving as a symbol of Buddhism’s prevalence in the area. The carving of the Buddha image into the rock was an act of devotion and reverence, with religious rituals and worship conducted at this sacred site. It stands as a testament to the profound impact of Buddhism on the culture and spirituality of Gilgit-Baltistan. The Unearthed History: Kargah Buddha’s Discovery Archaeological evidence spanning across Gilgit Baltistan (GB) indicates that the region was under the influence of Buddhism from the 3rd to the 11th century AD, with Buddhists engraving sculptures, including that of Buddha, as a form of homage to Gautama Buddha. Some historians propose that the propagation of Buddhism in GB occurred during the rule of two Kashmiri monarchs, Yakha and Yakhani. The Buddha sculpture in Kargah is believed to have been crafted in memory of Yakhani by a group of monks. Over time, the term Yakhani evolved into Yashani. Despite these historical accounts, Gilgit’s folklore features numerous myths about the Buddha that challenge both archaeological and historical findings. The revelation of the Kargah Buddha took place in 1938-39, unveiling a sculpture thought to originate from the 4th century AD. Archaeologists unearthed this notable artifact during the same timeframe. The sculpture depicts Buddha with his right hand on his chest in the Abhayamudra, a fearless pose, while the left-hand hangs straight, conveying a message of peace. The image features a broad and squarish face with extended ears, a flat nose, a wide mouth, compressed lips, and hair arranged tightly in a skull-like fashion. The archaeological exploration also led to the discovery of the remains of a Buddhist monastery and three stupas, situated approximately 400 meters upriver from the Buddha. This discovery followed the revelation of the renowned Gilgit manuscripts in 1931. These manuscripts, written in Sanskrit, shed light on local rulers and revered pilgrims. Moreover, the manuscripts offer compelling evidence of a flourishing scholarly community in the region. It is worth noting