January 2024

Chaukandi Tombs

Chaukandi Tombs

Expanding across a two-square-mile area, the Chaukandi Tombs near Karachi form an ancient Islamic burial site. The Chaukandi Tombs are renowned for its detailed sandstone carvings. These tombs bear a stylistic similarity to the elaborate graves located at the Makli Necropolis, one of the six UNESCO World Heritage Sites, near Thatta. Displaying the distinctive funerary architectural style typical of lower Sindh, the Chaukhandi Tombs undoubtedly provide a fascinating insight into the historical and artistic legacy of the region. History of Chaukandi Tombs: The Chaukhandi graveyard is attributed to the Jokhio tribe of Sindh. At the same time, other Sindhi tribes like Burfat, Jakhra, and Shaikh tombs are also found. The graveyard was constructed during the Mughal rule from the 15th to the 18th century, a period dominated by Islam. In addition to the Jokhio tribe, various Baloch tribes with Rajput origins have found their final resting place here. The influence of the Rajput tribe is evident in the design of the tombs. The step-shaped graves basically showcase a blend of cultures. For instance, some graves feature Rajput characteristics like monumental pedestals and slabs, while others exhibit simpler decorations, resembling a child’s drawing of a human face. Likewise, some tombs lack any human figures, reflecting Islamic beliefs and contributing to the diverse historical tapestry preserved in the Chaukhandi necropolis. The majority of the tombs at Chaukhandi especially represent family graveyards. However, only a limited number placed beneath pillar canopies that exhibit a Hindu architectural style. On certain male graves, intricate carvings depict a horseman equipped with arms such as a shield, sword, bow, and arrow. Meanwhile, carvings on women’s graves portray ornamental details like bracelets, necklaces, rings, anklets, and more. Additionally, for male graves, a boss-shaped projection at the northern end is designed to secure the turban of the deceased. These detailed carvings provide insights into the cultural and personal attributes of the individuals interred at Chaukhandi. Design of Chaukandi Tombs: The tombs at Chaukhandi stand out as a distinctive illustration of surface burials. Unusually aligned from south to north, a departure from the norm in both the region and period, these tombs are crafted from substantial sandstone slabs intricately arranged to form refined pyramid shapes. The meticulous carving on these slabs showcases intricate patterns, drawings, and scenes that contribute to the unique artistic and historical significance of the Chaukhandi Tombs. The absence of precise dating inscriptions on the Chaukhandi Tombs makes it challenging to determine their exact historical timelines. A typical casket consists of six vertical slabs, with two placed at the head and foot of the grave and the remaining four covering the sides, accommodating the length of the body. The tomb takes on a pyramid-like shape, featuring six large slabs covered by another tomb comprising six smaller vertical slabs. The architecture of Chaukandi Tombs: These tombs explicitly represent a unique blend of Sindhi and Balochi architectural styles. Crafted from beige-colored sandstone, these tombs come in the form of single graves or clusters, containing up to eight tombs. Despite the challenges posed by the region’s arid climate, these tombs have endured, serving as a resilient testament to the culture and heritage of the area. Chaukhandi Tombs, a form of funerary architecture, are characterized by square-shaped structures. Its five horizontal slabs enclosing the upper part of the tomb. Notably, these structures often exhibit a carved knob resembling a crown or turban at the front. Graves of warriors from the tribe boast intricate designs and motifs, including depictions of horsemen, jewelry, and hunting scenes. In contrast, tombs of women showcase carvings of anklets, bracelets, and jewelry at the front rather than human figures. Men’s graves typically feature carvings of swords, symbolizing their role as protectors of the tribe during times of war. Distinctive Features of Chaukandi Tombs: The Chaukhandi Tombs exhibit several distinctive features: The most prominent visual characteristic of Chaukhandi tombs is their cone-shaped roofs, constructed using bricks or stones and mortar. This design choice was made to distribute the weight of the structure over a larger area, enhancing stability and durability. The walls of Chaukhandi tombs are built in a beehive formation. The tombs feature multiple layers of stones arranged in a stepped pyramid shape. Constructed from local stones and bricks, these walls often bear decorative designs. Inside each tomb, there is typically a dedicated prayer chamber. This space actually serves for mourning and remembrance of the departed. Accompanying every tomb is a raised grave platform, situated above the surrounding landscape. This platform serves as a place for the family of the deceased to conduct rituals related to the burial. Discovery of Chaukandi Tombs: The Chaukhandi Tombs gained historical recognition with the earliest reference found in a letter written by J. Macleod, a Scottish historian, to Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere, a British administrator, in 1851. However, it was H. D. Baskerville, the Assistant Collector of Thatta in Karachi in 1917, who brought these historical graves into prominence. In 1922, the site was officially included in the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act. Jean Philippe Vogel, a distinguished Dutch epigraphist employed by the Archaeological Survey of India from 1901 to 1914, played a crucial role in shedding light on the tombs. His extensive research revealed that many of these tombs belonged to Muslims. It was evident from the Arab script inscribed on their graves. Vogel’s findings provided valuable historical insights into the religious heritage of India. Post-independence, scholars and historians continued their in-depth investigations into the Chaukhandi Tombs. Rubbings of these tombs were displayed globally, capturing the attention of academics and sparking further research into this significant archaeological site. Recommendations: Chaukhandi Tombs are highly recommended to visit for individuals passionate about archaeology and history. The site holds a wealth of historical narratives. If you’re intrigued, plan your visit to this amazing site. Apart from the rich decoration adorning the tombs, another noteworthy aspect shared with similar necropolises worldwide is the prevalent local belief that the area is haunted. The Chaukhandi Tombs are reputed to be one of the most haunted sites in the

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Kot Diji Fort

Kot Diji Fort

The Khairpur district in the Sindh province is renowned for housing several remarkable monuments showcasing architectural marvels, and one of them is the Kot Diji Fort from the Talpur Era. This historical edifice’s structure remains standing, preserving its grandeur for visitors to admire. The name “Kot Diji Fort” is derived from the Sindhi language phrase “Diji jo Qilo,” which translates to “Fort of the Daughter.” History of Kot Diji Fort The history of Kot Diji Fort reveals its significance during the Talpur Era in the Khairpur district of Sindh. The fort was divided into three parts among the Talpurs, with each portion falling under the control of different Talpur rulers. Mir Sohrab Khan was the first Talpur ruler of Khairpur Mirs and founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh. He played a crucial role in fortifying the frontiers of his rule. Among the forts he commissioned, Kot Diji Fort stands out as an architectural marvel. Mir Sohrab Khan constructed Kot Diji Fort in the capital town of Kotdiji, making it his residence a few years before his death. The fort was eventually handed over to his sons. Notably, in January 1843, during the military campaign led by Charles Napier to conquer Imam Garh, British troops also stayed at Kot Diji Fort. What adds to the historical significance of Kot Diji Fort is its location on the archaeological site of the pre-Harappan civilization, dating back to 2500-3000 BC. This unique aspect, combined with its association with Mir Sohrab Khan and the British military presence, makes Kot Diji Fort a prominent tourist attraction in Sindh. The fort stands as a testament to the rich historical and archaeological heritage of the region. Construction The construction of the remarkable historical monument in Sindh, Kot Diji Fort, spanned a decade, taking place from 1785 to 1795. Initially named “Fort Ahmadabad,” the fort derived its name from Ahmad, a Persian architect. He was credited with designing and engineering its praiseworthy architecture. Strategically located on an elevated landform, the fort was purposefully designed for warfare, enabling a vantage point to monitor potential threats. The fort is enclosed by a 30-foot tall wall, encompassing the uppermost section and resulting in a narrow-width fortress with a perimeter spanning 1.8 kilometers. Three towers, each standing at a height of 50 feet, grace the fort, contributing to its imposing structure. Kot Diji Fort includes various features such as cannon placements, water reservoirs, prisons, courtrooms, ammunition storage, and a small regal residence. The combination of architectural elements and strategic positioning highlights the fort’s historical significance and its role in safeguarding the region during its era of construction. Architecture The Kot Diji Fort is situated on a limestone hill at an elevation of 110 feet. It boasts a construction using kiln-baked bricks. Positioned on the southern end of Rohri Hills, the fort’s choice of bricks, rather than limestone rocks, was likely due to their local availability and the belief that limestone would easily shatter upon impact with cannonballs during a potential attack. Built during a time when cannons were prevalent, the fort’s design incorporates several stations for cannons. Its elevated position on a narrow ridge posed a challenge for enemy cannons, requiring them to fire from a considerable distance with limited accuracy. This strategic advantage meant cannonballs could either hit the hill or overshoot the fort. It would potentially endanger the enemy forces on the other side. Main Entrance The fort’s main entrance is known as the “Shahi Darwaza” or Royal Gate. It stands 13 feet high and 10 feet wide, constructed with wood and reinforced with 234 heavy iron spikes. This engineering feat aimed to prevent any attempts to break open the gate using a heavy contingent of elephants. The gate is situated in the western corner of the northern wall and serves as the sole entrance to the fort. Additionally, three secret passages were incorporated for emergency use. Upon entering through the curved gate, visitors find themselves in a small courtyard guarded by two bastions. It is strategically positioned for fortification and defense. The fort features three towers and multiple designated areas for cannon placements. Specialized zones include roofless rooms called “Barood Khano,” intended for storing ammunition. Other notable features within the fort include heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot, a water reservoir, the Mirs’ harem, a prison, a court, and cells for guards and sepoys. Design The fort, designed exclusively for defense, has never faced an attack throughout its history. Its architecture emphasizes simplicity, making it a unique and captivating historical site in Sindh. Fifty strategically placed bastions, such as “Fateh Thul” (Victory Tower), were named to identify their location and purpose, featuring small and large cannons to monitor enemy movements. Rooms Specialized rooms within the fort served specific functions, such as food storage and a lamp godown. A sandstone-made “Pavilion” stands out as a fascinating feature, adorned with beautifully carved arches and platforms. This structure was historically used by the ruler for court sessions. Moreover, it was also used for issuing important orders on significant occasions, adding to the fort’s historical charm and significance. Current Status After the British invasion, the administrative offices of Kotdiji Fort were relocated to Khairpur. The decision certainly led to a gradual decline in the fort’s importance. Subsequently, the fort was repurposed into a central prison, housing notorious criminals from the area and neighboring states. In 1955, following the merger of Khairpur state with Pakistan, the last ruler, Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur II, handed over the fort to the government. With the 18th Constitutional amendment, the fort came under the custody of the Government of Sindh. Despite its historical significance, portions of the fort are reportedly under the control of influential local families. The government of Pakistan has recognized Kot Diji Fort as a protected heritage site, emphasizing its cultural and historical value. The fort, located in Kot Diji in the Khairpur District of Sindh province, offers breathtaking views with its picturesque landscape and high boundary walls. The scenic beauty of the

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