Unveiling the Rich History of Rohtas Fort in Pakistan
Intriguingly nestled amidst the picturesque landscapes of Pakistan lies the remarkable Rohtas Fort, also known as Qila Rohtas. This historical gem was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The fort is perched strategically on a small hill, commanding a spectacular view over the Potoar Plateau. It is situated just 16 kilometers northwest of Jhelum city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Historic Background: A Lion King’s Ambition
The grandeur of Rohtas Fort was conceived in the 16th century by none other than the legendary “Lion King” of the subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri, also known as Farid Khan. Its construction was not merely an architectural feat but a strategic maneuver to quell the pro-Mughal Ghakkar tribe and thwart the potential return of Mughal Emperor Humayun. Emperor Hamayun had sought refuge in Iran after a crushing defeat in the Battle of Kanauj at Chaunsa.
Sher Shah Suri tasked his architect, Shahu Sultani, with the formidable mission of erecting an impregnable fortress within a mere three years. However, the initial construction fell short of Sher Shah Suri’s vision, prompting a dire consequence for the architect. Before the execution of the architect’s fate, a glimmer of mercy intervened. Based on the condition that he would rebuild the fort according to Sher Shah Suri’s desires within two years. Sadly, the Lion King’s reign was cut short by his demise in 1545, leaving his empire in disarray.
Humayun’s Return: A Fort Unfulfilled
A decade after Sher Shah Suri’s death, Humayun made a triumphant return, rendering Rohtas Fort’s intended purpose obsolete. Tatar Khan Khasi, the fort’s governor at the time, made a hasty retreat without engaging in battle. Gradually, Rohtas Fort lost its significance as Emperor Akbar and his son Jehangir chose to reside briefly at Rohtas only during their journey to Kashmir.
Construction of Rohtas Fort: Blending Cultures
The foundations of Rohtas Fort were laid by Sher Shah Suri in 1541. Its irregular shape harmoniously follows the contours of the hilly terrain on which it stands. Crafted from fine ashlar stones from nearby villages and bricks, the fort seamlessly melds Persian and Afghan architectural traditions. Therefore, it left an indelible mark on the evolution of the Mughal architectural style.
Main Garrison: A Fortress of Formidable Scale
The sprawling main garrison encompasses an astounding 12.63 acres, enveloped by a sturdy wall stretching over 5.2 kilometers. This formidable complex could accommodate up to 30,000 soldiers simultaneously. The boundary wall stands at heights of 10 to 18 meters and widths of 10 to 13 meters. Likewise, it boasts 68 bastions, strategically positioned for vigilant defense, along with 12 main trap gates, each with its unique story and nomenclature. Adorning the wall are approximately 1900 battlements, from which muskets once fired and molten lead poured over assailants. Three terraces, connected by staircases, offer panoramic views within the fort. A 533-meter-long wall further segregates the main citadel from other sections of the fort. Some original structures within the inner citadel, including Haveli Man Singh, Shahi Mosque, three Baolis (stepped wells), and the Rani Mahal, have endured through the ages, although some may have been added later.
Haveli Maan Singh: A Glimpse of Hindu Architecture
Perched on a prominent elevation, Haveli Maan Singh offers a commanding view of the fort and its surroundings. Although it was initially believed to comprise four rooms, only one room remains today. This tower pays homage to Akbar’s esteemed general and stands as a unique example of Hindu architecture within Rohtas Fort, constructed between 1550 and 1614.
Shahi Mosque and Rani Mahal: Architectural Elegance
The Shahi Mosque, a modest construction with a prayer chamber and courtyard, graces the fort’s interior. Additionally, the fort houses three Baolis, namely the Main Baoli, the Shahi Baoli, and the Sar Gate Baoli, which were vital for water self-sufficiency and fortification against sieges. Nearby, the Rani Mahal, or Queen’s Palace, stands as a single-story structure that shares its historical roots with Haveli Man Singh.
The Gates of Qila Rohtas: A Gateway to History
Rohtas Fort proudly boasts 12 gates, each meticulously constructed with dressed and fitted stone, bearing witness to the architectural prowess of the era. Some of these gates include:
- Sohail Gate: Named after Saint Sohail Bukhari, this gate showcases exemplary masonry from Sher Shah’s time.
- Shah Chandwali Gate: Honoring Saint Shah Chandwali, this gate connects the citadel to the main fort.
- Kabuli Gate: Facing west towards Kabul, this double gate opens to a width of 3.15 meters.
- Shishi Gate: Distinguished by its glazed tile embellishments, representing an early example of this technique.
- Langar Khani Gate: A double gate leading to a Langar Khana (Mess hall or Canteen).
- Talaqi Gate: Named after “Talaq” (divorce), as legend has it Prince Sabir Suri’s entry through this gate was ill-fated.
- Mori or Kashmiri Gate: Opening northward, it’s aptly named for its orientation towards Kashmir.
- Khwas Khani Gate: An ode to Khwas Khan, one of Sher Shah Suri’s most prominent generals.
- Gatali Gate: Facing the village of Gatali, it served as a vital crossing point for the River Jhelum to the Kashmir Valley.
- Tulla Mori Gate: Located on the eastern side, it’s more of an entrance than a gate, featuring a bastion.
- Pipalwala Gate: Resembling the Tulla Mori Gate, it’s a small entrance.
- Sar Gate: Known as “Sar (water),” this gate includes a small entrance with a bastion and a Baoli adjacent to it.
A Unique Blend of Artistry: Persian, Afghan, and Hindu Styles
Rohtas Fort, a testament to Persian and Afghan architectural styles, also incorporates Hindu architectural elements in its balconies, the Shahi Mosque’s decorations, and Haveli Man Singh. Stone carvings, calligraphic inscriptions, glazed tile work, and exquisite plasterwork adorn various facets of the fort, creating a unique and vibrant tapestry of artistry.
Preserving Rohtas Fort: A Cultural Legacy
While Rohtas Fort stands resilient, it is not immune to the ravages of time. Urgent restoration and consistent maintenance are imperative to ensure that this bastion of history endures for generations to come. Undoubtedly, Rohtas Fort, with its resplendent history and enduring legends, deserves to be safeguarded from the perils of neglect. It remains an indomitable symbol of Pakistan’s rich cultural heritage.
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