The Khairpur district in the Sindh province is renowned for housing several remarkable monuments showcasing architectural marvels, and one of them is the Kot Diji Fort from the Talpur Era. This historical edifice’s structure remains standing, preserving its grandeur for visitors to admire. The name “Kot Diji Fort” is derived from the Sindhi language phrase “Diji jo Qilo,” which translates to “Fort of the Daughter.”
History of Kot Diji Fort
The history of Kot Diji Fort reveals its significance during the Talpur Era in the Khairpur district of Sindh. The fort was divided into three parts among the Talpurs, with each portion falling under the control of different Talpur rulers. Mir Sohrab Khan was the first Talpur ruler of Khairpur Mirs and founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh. He played a crucial role in fortifying the frontiers of his rule. Among the forts he commissioned, Kot Diji Fort stands out as an architectural marvel.
Mir Sohrab Khan constructed Kot Diji Fort in the capital town of Kotdiji, making it his residence a few years before his death. The fort was eventually handed over to his sons. Notably, in January 1843, during the military campaign led by Charles Napier to conquer Imam Garh, British troops also stayed at Kot Diji Fort.
What adds to the historical significance of Kot Diji Fort is its location on the archaeological site of the pre-Harappan civilization, dating back to 2500-3000 BC. This unique aspect, combined with its association with Mir Sohrab Khan and the British military presence, makes Kot Diji Fort a prominent tourist attraction in Sindh. The fort stands as a testament to the rich historical and archaeological heritage of the region.
Construction
The construction of the remarkable historical monument in Sindh, Kot Diji Fort, spanned a decade, taking place from 1785 to 1795. Initially named “Fort Ahmadabad,” the fort derived its name from Ahmad, a Persian architect. He was credited with designing and engineering its praiseworthy architecture.
Strategically located on an elevated landform, the fort was purposefully designed for warfare, enabling a vantage point to monitor potential threats. The fort is enclosed by a 30-foot tall wall, encompassing the uppermost section and resulting in a narrow-width fortress with a perimeter spanning 1.8 kilometers. Three towers, each standing at a height of 50 feet, grace the fort, contributing to its imposing structure.
Kot Diji Fort includes various features such as cannon placements, water reservoirs, prisons, courtrooms, ammunition storage, and a small regal residence. The combination of architectural elements and strategic positioning highlights the fort’s historical significance and its role in safeguarding the region during its era of construction.
Architecture
The Kot Diji Fort is situated on a limestone hill at an elevation of 110 feet. It boasts a construction using kiln-baked bricks. Positioned on the southern end of Rohri Hills, the fort’s choice of bricks, rather than limestone rocks, was likely due to their local availability and the belief that limestone would easily shatter upon impact with cannonballs during a potential attack.
Built during a time when cannons were prevalent, the fort’s design incorporates several stations for cannons. Its elevated position on a narrow ridge posed a challenge for enemy cannons, requiring them to fire from a considerable distance with limited accuracy. This strategic advantage meant cannonballs could either hit the hill or overshoot the fort. It would potentially endanger the enemy forces on the other side.
Main Entrance
The fort’s main entrance is known as the “Shahi Darwaza” or Royal Gate. It stands 13 feet high and 10 feet wide, constructed with wood and reinforced with 234 heavy iron spikes. This engineering feat aimed to prevent any attempts to break open the gate using a heavy contingent of elephants. The gate is situated in the western corner of the northern wall and serves as the sole entrance to the fort. Additionally, three secret passages were incorporated for emergency use.
Upon entering through the curved gate, visitors find themselves in a small courtyard guarded by two bastions. It is strategically positioned for fortification and defense. The fort features three towers and multiple designated areas for cannon placements. Specialized zones include roofless rooms called “Barood Khano,” intended for storing ammunition. Other notable features within the fort include heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot, a water reservoir, the Mirs’ harem, a prison, a court, and cells for guards and sepoys.
Design
The fort, designed exclusively for defense, has never faced an attack throughout its history. Its architecture emphasizes simplicity, making it a unique and captivating historical site in Sindh. Fifty strategically placed bastions, such as “Fateh Thul” (Victory Tower), were named to identify their location and purpose, featuring small and large cannons to monitor enemy movements.
Rooms
Specialized rooms within the fort served specific functions, such as food storage and a lamp godown. A sandstone-made “Pavilion” stands out as a fascinating feature, adorned with beautifully carved arches and platforms. This structure was historically used by the ruler for court sessions. Moreover, it was also used for issuing important orders on significant occasions, adding to the fort’s historical charm and significance.
Current Status
After the British invasion, the administrative offices of Kotdiji Fort were relocated to Khairpur. The decision certainly led to a gradual decline in the fort’s importance. Subsequently, the fort was repurposed into a central prison, housing notorious criminals from the area and neighboring states. In 1955, following the merger of Khairpur state with Pakistan, the last ruler, Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur II, handed over the fort to the government. With the 18th Constitutional amendment, the fort came under the custody of the Government of Sindh.
Despite its historical significance, portions of the fort are reportedly under the control of influential local families. The government of Pakistan has recognized Kot Diji Fort as a protected heritage site, emphasizing its cultural and historical value.
The fort, located in Kot Diji in the Khairpur District of Sindh province, offers breathtaking views with its picturesque landscape and high boundary walls. The scenic beauty of the fort is captivating, leaving a lasting impression on those who explore it.
Conservation
In terms of conservation, the government has taken steps to protect Kot Diji Fort as a heritage site. Although challenges remain with certain portions reportedly under the control of local families.
Visitors’ Guide
Timing
The fort’s opening hours are from 8 am to 6 pm, providing visitors with ample time to appreciate its historical charm.
Planning a trip
For those planning to visit, Kot Diji Fort is situated about 25 km south of Khairpur. It is at the edge of the Thar Desert, approximately 400 km from Karachi. Traveling by car may take around 6-7 hours from Karachi via the Karachi-Hyderabad (M9) Motorway and Mehran Highway. The journey from Hyderabad is shorter, covering approximately 250 kilometers along the Mehran Highway.
When planning a trip to Kot Diji Fort, it’s essential to consider the weather in Khairpur District. It usually remains typically hot, dry, and dusty. Choosing a cloudy day may offer a more comfortable experience. Since the fort is open during the daytime only, early departure is advisable. Travelers, therefore, should be prepared for a 6 to 7-hour drive, depending on traffic conditions.
Additionally, carrying packed food and water supplies is recommended. Although local dhabas and roadside chai cafes along the way but not dependable sometimes.
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